The nominal rate of interest is the stated or advertised interest rate on a loan, bond, or investment, without taking inflation or compounding into account. It is the percentage rate that financial institutions quote when offering credit or savings products.
For example, if a bank advertises a savings account with a 5% annual interest rate, that 5% is the nominal interest rate. However, it does not necessarily reflect the actual growth of your money due to factors such as compounding and inflation.
Nominal Rate vs. Real Rate of Interest
It’s important to distinguish between the nominal rate of interest and the real rate of interest:
- Nominal Interest Rate: The stated rate without considering inflation.
- Real Interest Rate: The rate adjusted for inflation, showing the true increase in purchasing power.
The relationship between these two rates is expressed by the Fisher Equation:
Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate - Inflation Rate
For example, if a savings account offers a nominal interest rate of 5% but the inflation rate is 3%, the real interest rate is only 2%. This means your purchasing power is increasing at a rate of 2% per year, not 5%.
The Role of Compounding
Another aspect to consider is compounding. The nominal rate does not always account for how frequently interest is compounded (daily, monthly, annually, etc.). The effective interest rate (EIR) takes compounding into account and provides a more accurate measure of the true cost of a loan or the true return on an investment.
The formula for converting the nominal interest rate to the effective interest rate is:
EIR = ( 1 + r/n )^n - 1
Where:
- r = Nominal annual interest rate (decimal form)
- n = Number of compounding periods per year
For example, a 10% nominal interest rate compounded quarterly results in an effective interest rate of about 10.38%, which is higher than the nominal rate due to compounding effects.